Each different valid point you make is worth 0.5 mark.
Write your answers as sentences.
Use the essence of the question as the start of your answer.

1. List four ways in which the surface area of the small intestine is increased for greater absorption of nutrients. (2 marks)

2. Explain the need for the small intestine to have a rich supply of blood vessels. (1 mark)

3. Which small organic food molecules are absorbed into the capillaries and which are absorbed into the lacteals? (2 marks)

4. Absorption of nutrients occurs by the process of diffusion and active transport. Distinguish between these processes. (2 marks)

5. What is the name of the blood vessel which carries absorbed nutrients from the small intestine to the liver? (1 mark)

6. Why are food molecules taken to the liver before they go anywhere else in the body? (1 mark)

7. What eventually happens to the fats which are absorbed into the lacteals of the villi? (1 mark)

Give the most suitable human biology term for each of the following.

1. The process by which food and oxygen combine in the cells to release carbon dioxide plus water plus energy.

2. The loop in the circulatory system which passes throught the heart to the lungs.

3. The loop in the circulatory system which passes through the heart to all part of the body, apart from the lungs.

4. The blood vessels which take blood away from the heart.

5. The blood vessels which return blood to the heart.

6. The organ which is supplied with blood by the carotid artery.

7. The organ which is supplied with blood by the mesenteric artery.

8. The vein which connects the small intestine to the liver.

9. The small blood vessels which connect arteries to capillaries.

10. The small blood vessels which connect capillaries to veins.

11. The blood cells which normally lack nuclei and are responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.

12. Blood cell types that fight bacterial invasion.

13. The process by which bacteria and other foreign particles are engulfed by white blood cells.

14. The blood “cells” which play an important part in clotting.

15. The name of the system which returns tissue fluid back to the circulatory system.

16. The compound which affects the oxygen-holding capacity of the red blood cells.

17. High blood pressure.

18. The form in which carbon dioxide is mainly carried in the plasma, because otherwise it would upset the pH of the plasma.

Use the most suitable human biology terms to fill each of the spaces to complete the passage.

Circulation and Lymph

Blood is made up of watery fluid called __________ in which is found ________________________ (red blood cells), ____________________ (white blood cells) and __________________ (platelets). Blood transports ____________ and ________________ to the cells. It also carries __________________________ and other wastes of metabolic processes from the cells to their sites of excretion. Blood also produces ______________________ as one line of defence against foreign bodies.

The body’s transport system is made up of two parts: blood and lymph. Blood is carried around the body in several types of vessels: ________________ carry blood away from the heart; ______________________ (vessels of only a single cell thickness) allow the exchange of gases and food and wastes between the blood stream and the body cells; ________ carry blood back towards the heart. Arteries and veins have similar structures, but veins have a thinner ________ than arteries, making them less elastic and prone to collapse.

Not all fluids are able to be carried by the blood stream. Most body fluids which leave the circulation are returned to the general circulation via the __________________ system. This fluid, called __________, differs from blood plasma in that it has no blood cells or blood proteins. Lymph is collected by small blind-ended tubes which drain into larger and larger tubes. They ultimately empty into the circulatory system just above the heart at the right subclavian duct and the thoracic duct.

Arterial blood is pumped around the body by the action of the __________________________ which forces blood into already full arteries. The distinct beat caused by blood dilating the artery wall is called the __________ and corresponds to the contraction of the heart. Once blood reaches the capillaries, the pressure drops to almost zero.

The return of lymph is achieved by a method similar to venous return.
The return of venous blood relies on:

• the contraction of ________________ muscles to squeeze the walls of the veins;
• the action of ____________ which prevent the backflow of blood;
• the pressure difference in the thoracic cavity due to breathing;
• and the pressure of blood being forced onward by the oncoming stream of blood from arteries and capillaries.

The heart is a double pump, each side completely separated into two chambers, an ____________ and a ________________. Oxygenated blood enters the ________ atrium from the __________________ veins coming from the lungs. It passes into the ________ ventricle, from which it is discharged through the __________ to the body circulation. The __________ atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the ________________ circulation and discharges it into the __________ ventricle, from which it is sent to the _________ (through the _________________ arteries) for oxygenation and discharge of ________________________. It is the ____________________ which serve as the force pumps.

The __________ act as receiving chambers only, and their contraction, which sends the final portion of the blood into the ventricles, is comparatively slight. ____________ are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle. The sounds heard when listening to the heart are due to the closure of the ________________________________ and __________________ valves. The heart and blood vessels are lined with a continuous membrane called the ____________________. The term ______________ is applied to the muscular tissue of the heart. Inside the heart is a pacemaker called the ________________________________ node which starts the contraction of the atria. Another node, the ________________________________ node, controls the contraction of the ventricles. The pressure exerted by the heart as it contracts is called ________________ pressure. This is measured using an instrument called a ________________________________.

Give the most suitable human biology answer for each of the following.

1. Where does the blood pick up CO₂?

2. What structure in the heart initiates heart beat?

3. List five non-cellular components of blood.

4. What protein is essential for clotting?

5. What type of muscle is heart muscle?

6. Name the outside covering of the heart.

7. In which blood vessel is the blood pressure the lowest?

8. What term refers to the heart relaxation stage?

9. How long is one cardiac cycle?

10. How long does it take for the blood to complete one full curcuit of the body?

11. Which blood cells are involved with clotting?

12. Which blood cells are involved in body defence?

13. What is the average life span of a red blood cell?

14. What blood vessel supplies the heart muscle with oxygen?

15. Which are more plentiful, red or white blood cells?

16. What term describes the circulation that includes the lungs?

17. Which carries oxygenated blood, the pulmonary arteries or pulmonary veins?

18. Where would you find endothelium?

19. What is the normal resting value for systolic pressure?

20. What is the normal (core) temperature of the blood?

21. What technical term describes the engulfing process of some of the white blood cells?

22. Give two functions of the lymphatic system.

23. Which cells produce antibodies?

24. Name the top chambers of the heart?

25. Where would you find lymphocytes?

26. Give the general (descriptive) name for fluid within cells.

27. Which is a preferred first aid method of treating major haemorrhaging: applying a torniquet or exerting pressure on the wound?

28. How many micrometres (µ called “mu”) in 0.007mm?

29. What is the average size of a red blood cell?

30. Give the correct name for platelets.

Give the most suitable human biology term for each of the following.

1. The process by which food and oxygen combine in the cells to release carbon dioxide plus water plus energy.

 

18. The form in which carbon dioxide is mainly carried in the plasma, because otherwise it would upset the pH of the plasma.